Note: The circuit diagram updates automatically as you enter values.
Note: The circuit diagram updates automatically as you enter values.
| C1 | C2 | Actual Vout | Error (%) |
|---|
Given: Vin=10V AC, C1=100nF, C2=470nF
Given: Vin=1000V, C1=1nF, C2=10nF
Given: Vin=5V RF, C1=22pF, C2=68pF
A capacitive voltage divider splits an AC voltage using two capacitors in series instead of two resistors. The output taken across the second capacitor follows Vout = Vin × C1 / (C1 + C2). Note the ratio is the opposite intuition from a resistor divider: the output is proportional to the series capacitor C1, because in a series string the smaller capacitor drops the larger share of the voltage.
A capacitive divider dissipates almost no power — capacitors store and return energy rather than turning it into heat — so it is the natural choice for high-voltage AC sensing and RF, where a resistive divider would waste power and heat up. It also blocks DC, passing only the AC component. The trade-off is that it only works with AC: the division ratio comes from capacitive reactance (XC = 1/(2πfC)), so it depends on the signal being time-varying.
Like its resistive cousin, a capacitive divider must feed a high-impedance load or the ratio shifts. Any load resistance forms a high-pass filter with the capacitors, so the divider behaves ideally only well above that corner frequency. For precise RF work the stray capacitance of the board and the probe must be included in C2.
High-voltage AC measurement and metering, RF impedance matching and antenna tuning networks, the feedback tap of Colpitts and Clapp oscillators, capacitive touch and level sensing, and coupling/attenuating signals without a DC path.
Does it work with DC? No — capacitors block DC, so a capacitive divider only divides AC or changing signals. Use a resistive divider for DC.
Why does the smaller capacitor get more voltage? In series, all capacitors carry the same charge (Q); since V = Q/C, the smaller capacitance develops the larger voltage.