Frequency (measured in hertz, Hz — cycles per second) spans an enormous range in electronics: from the 50/60 Hz AC power grid, through kilohertz-range switching power supplies and audio, into the megahertz range used by radio broadcasting and many microcontroller clocks, up to the gigahertz range used by WiFi, Bluetooth, and cellular signals.
| Unit | Symbol | Value in Hz | Typical use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hertz | Hz | 1 | Mains power (50/60 Hz), low-frequency signals |
| Kilohertz | kHz | 10³ | Switching power supplies, AM radio, audio |
| Megahertz | MHz | 10⁶ | FM radio, microcontroller clocks, VHF/UHF |
| Gigahertz | GHz | 10⁹ | WiFi, Bluetooth, cellular, radar |
Rotational speed is quoted in revolutions per minute while frequency is in cycles per second, and since a minute is 60 seconds the conversion is simply rpm = Hz × 60 and Hz = rpm / 60. A shaft turning at 3,000 rpm is rotating at 50 Hz.
For an AC motor the two are only equal on a two-pole machine. The synchronous speed of an induction or synchronous motor is
ns = 120 × f / P (rpm)
where f is the supply frequency in hertz and P the number of poles. On a 50 Hz supply, a 2-pole motor runs at 3,000 rpm, a 4-pole at 1,500 rpm, and a 6-pole at 1,000 rpm. An induction motor then slips a few percent below this, so a nominal 4-pole 50 Hz machine is typically labelled around 1,440 rpm rather than 1,500.
This is exactly why a variable-frequency drive controls speed by changing frequency: the mechanical speed follows the electrical frequency in fixed proportion set by the pole count.
| Poles | 50 Hz synchronous | 60 Hz synchronous |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | 3,000 rpm | 3,600 rpm |
| 4 | 1,500 rpm | 1,800 rpm |
| 6 | 1,000 rpm | 1,200 rpm |
| 8 | 750 rpm | 900 rpm |
Divide by 1000: e.g. 50,000 Hz = 50 kHz.
Divide by 1000: e.g. 2400 MHz = 2.4 GHz.
50 Hz is standard in India, most of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. North America, parts of South America, and a few other regions use 60 Hz instead.
The two most common WiFi bands are 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz; newer WiFi 6E adds a 6 GHz band. Each offers different tradeoffs between range/penetration (better at lower frequency) and available bandwidth/speed (better at higher frequency).
Common values range from a few MHz for low-power microcontrollers up to several hundred MHz for more powerful ones; classic Arduino boards typically run at 16 MHz, while modern ARM-based boards often run at 48-480 MHz or higher.
Higher switching frequency (typically tens of kHz to a few MHz) allows smaller inductors and capacitors in the converter, reducing size and cost, at the tradeoff of higher switching losses — see the Switching Loss calculator for that tradeoff in detail.
They are reciprocals: f=1/T. A 50 Hz signal has a period of 1/50=0.02 seconds (20 milliseconds) — see the Frequency & Period calculator for this specific conversion.
RF and wireless applications often require very precise frequency values (sometimes to the Hz level even at GHz frequencies) due to tight regulatory channel allocations, so always use the full precision your application demands rather than rounding prematurely.
Human hearing is roughly 20 Hz to 20 kHz, which is why audio equipment specifications are usually given directly in Hz and kHz rather than needing MHz or GHz.
Generally yes in wireless systems — higher-frequency bands typically have more available spectrum bandwidth for a given percentage allocation, allowing higher data rates, though at the cost of reduced range and worse penetration through obstacles compared to lower frequencies at the same power.
Multiply by 60, since rpm counts revolutions per minute and hertz counts cycles per second. 50 Hz equals 3,000 rpm. For an AC motor, however, use n = 120f/P, because the shaft speed also depends on the pole count.
Only a two-pole machine does. Synchronous speed is 120f/P, so a four-pole motor runs at 1,500 rpm. An induction motor also slips a few percent below synchronous speed under load, which is why nameplates read values like 1,440 rpm.
Hertz counts complete cycles per second; angular frequency ω measures the same rate in radians per second, with ω = 2πf. AC reactance formulas use ω rather than f.
It is a historical standardisation split rather than a technical optimum. The practical consequence is that the same motor runs 20% faster on 60 Hz, and a transformer designed for 60 Hz sees more flux per volt-second at 50 Hz, pushing its core closer to saturation.
Mains is 50–60 Hz, audio spans roughly 20 Hz to 20 kHz, switch-mode converters typically run from 20 kHz to a few megahertz, and gate-drive and EMI concerns extend into the tens of megahertz.
No. Kilohertz measures cycles per second; kilobits per second measures data rate. They are related through the encoding scheme but are not interchangeable units.
Frequency & Period Calculator • Resistance Units • All Calculators